One of the stated aims of the ELP is to foster the development of learner autonomy. This reflects the Council of Europe’s long-established interest in learner autonomy as a prerequisite for lifelong learning. However, learner autonomy is not defined either in the key ELP documents or in the Common European Framework. It is therefore both appropriate and necessary to consider what we mean by the term “learner autonomy”, what kinds of pedagogical procedure lead to its development, and what implications it has for the pedagogical implementation of the ELP. This topic is continuous with learning to learn and reflection. However, the concept of learner autonomy also raises new questions.