CONTEXT
The project is at the very heart of the "major
paradigm shift" to which the ECML's second medium-term programme
aims to contribute: "The trend towards an overall concept of language
education which integrates the teaching and learning of ALL languages
in order to tap potential synergies." (see Call for proposals).
This orientation, which is still novel for many language
teachers and experts in the field of didactics, results from the work
which led to the drawing-up of the Common European Framework of Reference
during the 1990s. It represents one of the key means for implementing
Plurilinguism, which is the response put forward by the Council
of Europe to the challenges of diversity and social cohesion.
Language teaching, if it is to make any headway towards
plurilinguism, has to develop "plurilingual and pluricultural
competences" in learners which, again according to the Common
European Framework of Reference, do not consist of "a collection
of distinct and separate competences to communicate depending on the languages"
but rather of one "plurilingual and pluricultural competence encompassing
the full range of the languages available".
If the learner is to be encouraged to acquire such an
ability and to add to it continually (lifelong learning) he or she has
to be assisted in acquiring "transversal" competences (knowledge,
skills, attitudes). These are general competences (about linguistic and
cultural facts in general) as well as the ability to build on abilities
acquired with one particular language or culture (or certain aspects of
one particular language or culture) to gain easier access to another language.
Such skills, which ensure the necessary synergies
between the learning phases, can only be developed within the framework
of what we may call "pluralistic approaches to languages and cultures",
i.e. learning approaches which implement activities involving several
linguistic and cultural varieties. Such is the case for the intercultural
approach in its various dimensions and for three more language-oriented
teaching approaches, namely the awakening to languages (language awareness),
intercomprehension between related languages and the integrated teaching
and learning of the languages taught (during the school curriculum
and beyond).
Their differences aside, pluralistic approaches form
part of the "prospect of a form of general language education"
(Common European Framework, page 130). They contribute towards developing
- an interest in languages and cultures;
- curiosity about these languages and cultures;
- the learner's confidence in his or her own learning
skills;
- competences in observing/analysing languages, regardless
of the languages concerned;
- an ability to perceive the languages in the complexity
of their links with cultural variations and to handle those variations;
- the skill of relying on an understanding of a phenomenon
in one language or culture to understand more fully - by analogy or
contrast - a phenomenon pertaining to another language or culture
In keeping with what the Guide for the Development
of Language Education Policies in Europe (Council of Europe, 2003)
defines as plurilingual education, they can also encourage the
development of positive representations and attitudes not just towards
languages and their diversity but also towards those who speak the languages
and their cultures.
Today there are many theoretical and practical studies
on each of the various pluralistic approaches to languages and cultures.
But there is no common framework of reference for competences able to
provide an overview of the competences required or show how each approach
can contribute to their development. That is the remit of the present
project.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES _____________________________
General
aims
- To provide a structured and hierarchical set of competences
(skills, attitudes, knowledge) that can be developed through pluralistic
approaches to languages and cultures;
- to facilitate the elaboration of curricula setting
out a genuine progression in the acquisition of these competences;
- to facilitate the co-ordination between the approaches
themselves and the co-ordination between the approaches and the learning
of a particular language ("conceptual" co-ordination, for
didactic research; co-ordination within the curricula);
- to enhance accordingly the approaches (in particular
to combat the idea that approaches such as language awareness and intercomprehension
are merely sensitisation approaches");
- to complement and perfect existing tools such
as the European Framework of Reference or the Portfolios.
Specific
objectives
-
Overall assessment of existing resources (theoretical and reflective
studies, curricula and teaching programmes, teaching materials, research
and innovation reports, etc.);
-
A precise a priori description of the characteristics of the intended
"reference framework of competences" product, taking account
of the potential readership (curriculum designers, textbook authors,
didactics researchers and innovating practitioners, teacher educators,
teachers);
-
Annotated four-language glossary (English, French, German, Spanish)
of the relevant key words;
-
Initial (partial) draft of the reference framework;
-
Second draft submitted to representatives of the target readership for
approval;
- Initial version of the complete reference framework (in four languages: English, French, German, Spanish, subsequently in other languages, in particular Catalan and Maltese); as approved by the workshop participants.
A complementary project is envisaged for the production and dissemination of the expanded product (hypertext, CD-Rom, accompanying brochure).
EXPECTED
OUTCOMES _____________________________
The final product is to consist of a hypertext for CD
(also available on a web site) with a brochure of around twenty pages
explaining its use, and featuring only the main categories of
competences.
The overall document (available in four languages: English,
French, German and Spanish) will consist of
- a hierarchy of competences (initially subdivided
into "knowledge", "skills" and "existential
competence", then within each of those three categories into main
contents categories, themselves subdivided into increasingly detailed
categories);
- for each of the items obtained (regardless
of their hierarchical level), an indication (by means of colour coding
and symbols) relating to
- the levels of learners to which it can be applied
first and foremost;
- the approaches (intercultural, integrated teaching
and learning, intercomprehension, awakening to languages - language
awareness) likely to promote its development (to a greater or lesser
degree).
For some items (probably only at intermediate or lower
levels), there will also be
- examples of teaching activities used for targeting
the competence concerned.
Wherever indications are available, the extent to which
existing experience allows a prediction of whether the competences offered
can actually be achieved at the specified level will also be noted.
The document will be accessible using choices
corresponding to the two types of indications above. For example: selection
of all the competences aimed at by the intercultural approach // selection
of all conceivable competences at the level of "kindergarten learners",
and combinations of those two choices.
ACTION
PLAN ____________________________________
2004
January to September
Team members: First working contact (email, collaborative work on the
web). Research and exchange relating to resources, the form they take
and how they are used. Production and first trial of a prototype analysis
grid of resource documents. First discussion on the characteristics of
the glossary.
17-18 September
Meeting
of the project team. First assessment of information relating to resources
and their use, distribution with a view to the development of a first
draft. Pooling of reactions to the grid and its use, collective trialling
of the grid and development of a definite version. First decision relating
to the detail of the frame of reference, the glossary and the collective
bibliography.
October 2004 to December 2005
Team members: Collect competences from resource documents with the help of grid. Ongoing development of the glossary and the bibliography.
2005
18-19 December
Meeting of the project team. Revision of the bibliography (resource documents). Collective scrutiny of each others' descriptors ("grids"). Decisions made on categories to be employed in the grids. First attempt at compiling grids of collected data and using tables in Word to create a hierarchy of descriptors. Different aspects of the compilation process allocated to each of the experts.
December 2005 to May 2006
Team members: Revision and streamlining of bibliography of documents to be analysed. Completion of grids for an initial group of documents not yet analysed (leading to a "first wave" of grids). All grids compiled into a table and different thematic areas of this table allocated to individual team members. Analysis of tables: establishment of hierarchies of descriptors based on the entries present.
2006
21-22 May
Meeting of the project team. Organisation of work to expand grids for the second wave and of translation work. Examination of partially completed hierarchies, harmonisation of approach and process (procedure, form).
May to September
Team members: expansion of a second wave of grids. New compiling into tables. Tables shared out amongst team members and worked on (descriptors and hierarchies of descriptors, to be integrated into a single unit with those already obtained for the first wave of grids).
6-7 October
Meeting of the project team. Final harmonisation of descriptors and hierarchies from both sets of grids. Decisions about their submission to representatives of the target readership. Final decisions on product to be presented during the workshop, product to be delivered at the end of the second Medium-term Programme and perspectives for finalisation project to be proposed for the 3rd MTP. Organisation of June 2007 workshop.
September 2006 to June 2007
Team members: Preparation of the version for the workshop. To be prepared in five languages: (EN, FR, DE, ES + CAT).
Members of workshop team: Preparations for the dissemination workshop.
2007
March
Translation meeting planned at ECML. Four team members will be able to take part.
28, 29 and 30 June
Three-day Central ECML workshop. Three team members and participants: one representative of each member state of the partial agreement.
Presentation of the reference framework and collation of feedback.
Introduction to the theory (pluralistic approaches and their linkage with Council of Europe tools). Examination of proposed reference framework (in 5 languages): discussion groups on contents, use and desired supporting materials; collation of feedback regarding presentation and understanding of framework.
Workshop to be preceded by a one or two-day meeting of the workshop team (who will also discuss preparation of the version of the framework to be made available on the ECML website in 2007).
Profile of participants:
o Persons with responsibility for language curricula/programmes (if possible, for all of the languages within the relevant education system)
o Teacher trainers
o Textbook authors
Preferably people already familiar with or interested in so called pluralistic approaches (integrated language learning, intercultural approaches, intercomprehension between related languages, awakening to languages (awareness of language).
July to September
Team members: drawing up of the version of the reference framework to be made available on the ECML website in 2007.
LANGUAGES
The project's working languages are French and English. German will also
be used among certain team members. Simultaneous interpretation (English
- French) will be provided at the central workshop. Participants in the
workshop are expected to speak one of these languages fluently and to
understand both. All additional language competence is welcome.
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